Serve efficiency = (aces − errors) ÷ total serves. A positive score means aces outweigh errors; a negative score means you’re hurting the team on serve. At international level, elite servers sustain 0.05–0.10 efficiency. The tension between aggressive float and jump serves (more aces, more errors) and consistent serving (fewer of both) is one of the key tactical decisions in the game.
Key points
- (Aces − errors) ÷ total serves
- Positive = aces outweigh errors
- 0.05+ = strong; negative = hurting the team
- Balance aggression vs consistency
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