Skills are classified along a continuum from closed to open. Closed skills are performed in a stable, predictable environment and are largely self-paced — a free throw, a golf swing, a gymnastics routine. Open skills must constantly adapt to an unpredictable, changing environment — a pass in football, a return in tennis, defending in netball. Closed skills are practised through repetition and consistency; open skills require varied, reactive practice that develops decision-making and adaptation. Most sports involve a mix of both.
Key points
- Closed: stable, predictable, self-paced
- Open: unpredictable, externally paced
- Closed practised via repetition; open via varied practice
- Most sports mix both skill types
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